PBIO 250 Lecture Notes

James L. Reveal

Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland

Sources of Taxonomic Evidence

Pollination biology - a few comments
pollination: transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma involving one or more flowers
date palm pollination on bas-reliefs of 9th century B.C.
Mesopotania
anemophily (wind) - see examples of this and the following in the PBIO 100 notes
entomophily (insect)
ornithophily (birds)
chiropterophily (bat)
hydrophily (water)
nectar: watery fluid containing sugar and other dissolved materials secreted by special glands
nectaries: floral (on flowers) and extrafloral (elsewhere)

• beetle flowers: dull-colored, spicy, fermenting or fruity odor with many edible parts
  
• bee flowers: highly colored (yellows, blues or purples), with honey guides; often zygomorphic and highly special-ized
  
• butterfly flowers: mainly reddish and actinomorphic; odor often pungent
  
• fly (diptera) flowers: less specialized and colored; many smell of rotting meat ("fetid"); commonly in spathes
  
• mosquito flowers: generally small and members of Orchidaceae
  
• bird flowers: reddish colored and zygomorphic, producing abundant thin nectar; little or no odor
  
• bat flowers: generally white, large and heavily scented; plant parts tend to be highly flexible; visited at night
  
• moth flowers: similar to bat flowers only generally on herbs not trees
  
• hawkmoth flowers: white or yellow, large and often heavily scented; pollen tends to be dispersed in long, string-like masses
  
• wind flowers: flowering before leaves; simple and lacking whorls of parts, unisexual, lacking color and odor
  
• water flowers: minute, mostly colorless, highly specialized; occasionally more than two types of flower

changes in flower color, especially the nectary guides, is widespread in flowering plants (at least 77 families according to Weiss, 1995)
complex population interactions involving pollinators

Colibri thalassinus -------------------------- Centropogon valerii  =
                                             |   +      /           =
                     - - - - - - - - - - - - -   +     /            =
                     |	     + + + + + + + + + + +    /             =
                     |       +                  Rhinoseius colwelli =
                     |       +                         \            =
Eugenes fulgens - - - - - - - - - - - - - Centropogon talamancensis =
                     |       + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + / ==
                     | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -/  ==
                     |       +                     |	           ==
                     |       +                     |               ==
Panterpe insignias + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cavendishia smithii ==
                     |       +                          /        = ==
                     |       +            Rhinoseius richardsonii= ==
                     |       + + + + + + + + + +        \        = ==
                     | - - - - - - - - - - - - Macleania glabra  = ==
                                                             =   = ==
Diplossa plumbea ====================================================

three genera of hummingbirds: Colibri, Eugenes and Panterpe and one nectar robber (Diglossa) in Costa Rica
four species of plants: Centropogon valerii, C. talamancensis, Cavendishia smithii and Macleania glabra
two mites: Rhinoseius colwelli in Centropogon and R. richardsoni in Cavendishia and Macleania

1. Barth, F.G. 1985. Insects and flowers: The biology of a partnership. Princeton.
   
2. Colwell, R.K. 1973. Competition and coexistence in a simple tropical community. Amer. Naturalist 107: 737-760.
   
3. Faegri, K. & L. van der Pijl. 1979. The principles of pollination biology. Oxford.
   
4. Meeuse, B.J.D. 1961. The story of pollination. New York.
   
5. -- & S. Morris. 1984. The sex life of flowers. New York.
   
6. Proctor, M. & P. Yeo. 1973. The pollination of flowers. London.
   
7. Real, L. (ed.). 1983. Pollination biology. Orlando.
   
8. Weiss, M.R. 1991. Floral colour changes as cues for pollinators. Nature 354: 227-229.
   
9. --. 1995. Floral color change: A widespread functional convergence. Amer. J. Bot. 82: 167-185.

Chemosystematics
application of chemical data to systematic problems

1. Alston, R.E. & B.L. Turner. 1963. Biochemical systematics. Englewood Cliffs.
   
2. Crawford, D.J. 1990. Plant molecular systematics. New York.
   
3. Harborne, J.B. 1970. Phytochemical phylogeny. London.
   
4. Swain, T. 1973. Chemistry in evolution and systematics. London.
   
5. Gibbs, R.D. 1974. Chemotaxonomy of flowering plants, 4 vols. Montreal.
   
6. Smith, P.M. 1976. The chemotaxonomy of plants. London.

micromolecules
macromolecules
flavonoids
two-dimensional chromatography
two-dimensional chromatographs
flavonoid profiles
Baptisia

1. Crawford, D.J. 1979. Flavonoid chemistry and angiosperm evolution. Bot. Rev. 44: 431-456.
   
2. -- & D.E. Giannasi. 1982. Plant chemosystematics. BioScience 32: 114-124.
   
3. Giannasi, D.E. 1979. Systematic aspects of flavonoid biosynthesis and evolution. Bot. Rev. 44: 399-429.

terpenoides
gas chromatography
sesquiterpene lactones
alkaloids - often significant in visual hallucinations
Papaver

1. Cordell, G.A. & A. Brossi (eds.). 1994. The alkaloids: Chemistry and pharmacology. San Diego.

glucosides
mustard oils
Brassicaceae

1. Rodman, J. 1991a. A taxonomic analysis of glucosinolate-producing plants, part 1: Phenetics. Syst. Bot. 16: 598-618.
   
2. --. 1991b. A taxonomic analysis of glucosinolate-producing plants, part 2: Cladistcs. Syst. Bot. 16: 619-629.
   
3. --, R.A. Price, K. Karol, E. Conti, K.J. Sytsma & J.D. Palmer. 1993. Nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene indicate monophyly of mustard oil plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 686-699.

iridoids
systematic serology

1. Fairbrothers, D.E. 1983. Evidence from nucleic acid and protein chemistry, in particular serology, in angiosperm classification. Nord. J. Bot. 3: 35-41.

sterols
Glenn W. Patterson
delta5 and delta7 sterols

1. Patterson, G.W. & W.D. Nes (eds.). 1992. Physiology and biochemistry of sterols. Champaign.
   
2. Salt, T.A., S. Xu, G.W. Patterson & J.H. Adler. 1991. Diversity of sterol biosynthetic capacity in the Caryophyllidae. Lipids 26: 604-613.

Kranz syndrome or anatomy
C₄-pathway and C₃-pathway
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

1. Brown, W.V. 1975. Variations in anatomy, associations, and origins of Kranz tissue. Amer. J. Bot. 62: 395-402.
   
2. --. 1977. The Kranz syndrome and its subtypes in grass systematics. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23(3): 1-97.

genetic sequencing data
electrophoresis
enzyme systems

Sequencing
Review of plant genome organization by Phillip McClean
Amino acid sequencing

1. Bremer, K. 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 795-803.
   
2. Kubitzki, K. & O.R. Gottlieb. 1984. Micromolecular patterns and the evolution and major classification of an-giosperms. Taxon 33: 375-391.

genetic (DNA) divergency
"molecular clock"
molecular evolution occurs over time
steady rate of DNA change (gradualism) or change in spurts (punctuated equilibrium)

1. Kimura, M. 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Molec. Evol. 16: 111-120.
   
2. --. 1981. Estimation of evolutionary distances between homologous nucleotide sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 78: 454-458.

DNA sequencing
review of Analysis of plant genomes with molecular markers by Phillip McClean
rbcL sequencing
Modern studies are using rbcL sequence data - differential rates of changes in chloroplast DNA - as determined (mainly) using RFLP analysis
chloroplast genome
cloning and sequencing the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), the gene for Fraction 1 Protein; rbcL is responsible for fixing CO₂ in photosynthesis

1. Avise, J.C. 1994. Molecular markers, natural history, and evolution. New York.
   
2. Clegg, M.T. 1993. Chloroplast gene sequence and the study of plant evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90: 363-367.
   
3. -- & G. Zurawski. 1992. "Chloroplast DNA and the study of plant phylogeny: Present status and future prospects," In: P.S.
4. Soltis, D.E. Soltis & J.J. Doyle (eds.), Molecular systematics of flowering plants. New York.
   
5. Doyle, J.J. 1993. DNA, phylogeny, and the flowering of plant systematics. BioScience 43: 380-389.
   
6. Giannasi, D.E., G. Zurawski, G. Learn & M.T. Clegg. 1992. Evolutionary relationships of the Caryophyllidae based on comparative rbcL sequences. Syst. Bot. 17: 1-15.
   
7. Hillis, D.M. & C. Moritz. 1990. Molecular systematics. Sunderland, MA.
   
8. Jansen, R.K., K.E. Holsinger, H.J. Michaels & J.D. Palmer. 1991. Phylogenetic anallysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site data at higher taxonomic levels: An example from Asteraceae. Evolution 44: 2089-2105.
   
9. Mayer, M.S. & P.S. Soltis. 1994. The evolution of serpentine endemics: A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of Streptanthus glandulosus complex (Cruciferae). Syst. Bot. 19: 557-574.
   
10. Miyamoto, M.M. & J. Cracraft. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. New York.
    
11. Olmstead, R.G. & J.D. Palmer. 1994. Chloroplast DNA systematics: A review of methods and data analysis. Amer. J. Bot. 81: 1205-1224.
    
12. Rieseberg, L.H. & D.E. Soltis. 1991. Phylogenetic consequences of cytoplasmic gene flow in plants. Evol. Trends Pl. 5: 65-84.
    
13. Ritland, K. & M.T. Clegg. 1987. Evolutionary analyses of plant DNA sequences. Amer. Naturalist 130: S74-S100.
    
14. Zurawski, G. & M.T. Clegg. 1993. rbcL sequence data and phylogenetic reconstruction in seed plants: Foreward. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 523-525 and subsequent papers (pp. 526-785).

protein sequencing

1. Martin, P.G. & J.M. Dowd. 1991. Studies of angiosperm phylogenies using protein sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 296-337.
   
2. Fernholm, B., K. Bremer & H. Jörnvall (eds.). 1989. The hierarchy of life: Molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis. Amsterdam.
   
3. Soltis, P.E., D.E. Soltis & J.J. Doyle (eds.). 1992. Molecular systematics of plants. New York.

Last revised: 21 Jan 1999