Schizachyrium Nees
From the Greek schizein (to split) and achuron (chaff), referring to the upper lemma.
Including Pithecurus Kunth, Schizopogon Spreng.
Excluding Ystia
Habit, vegetative morphology. Annual, or perennial; rhizomatous, or stoloniferous, or caespitose, or decumbent. Culms (5–)30–320 cm high; woody and persistent (rarely, and never tall), or herbaceous; branched above. Culm internodes solid, or hollow. Leaves not basally aggregated; non-auriculate. Leaf blades linear; narrow; without cross venation; persistent; once-folded in bud; ligule present; a fringed membrane (short).
Reproductive organization. Plants bisexual, with bisexual spikelets; with hermaphrodite florets. The spikelets of sexually distinct forms on the same plant; hermaphrodite and male-only, or hermaphrodite and sterile; overtly heteromorphic; all in heterogamous combinations. Plants exposed-cleistogamous, or chasmogamous.
Inflorescence. Inflorescence a single raceme, or paniculate (of single racemes, these sometimes solitary but usually in a spatheate false panicle). Rachides flattened. Inflorescence spatheate; a complex of ‘partial inflorescences’ and intervening foliar organs. Spikelet-bearing axes peduncled ‘racemes’; solitary (in their spathes, but often fascicled); with substantial rachides; disarticulating; disarticulating at the joints. ‘Articles’ non-linear (compressed, thickened above with a cupular, usually fringed apex); with toothed apices. Spikelets paired; secund; sessile and pedicellate; consistently in ‘long-and-short’ combinations; in pedicellate/sessile combinations. Pedicels of the ‘pedicellate’ spikelets free of the rachis. The ‘shorter’ spikelets hermaphrodite. The ‘longer’ spikelets male-only, or sterile.
Female-sterile spikelets. The pedicellate (male or sterile) members broader and flatter or reduced, their lower glume sometimes awned.
Female-fertile spikelets. Spikelets compressed dorsiventrally (or subterete below and compressed between the internode and the pedicel, lanceolate to linear); falling with the glumes (and the joint). Rachilla terminated by a female-fertile floret. Hairy callus present. Callus short; blunt.
Glumes present; two; more or less equal; long relative to the adjacent lemmas; awned (the upper, rarely), or awnless; very dissimilar (the lower bicarinate, the upper thinner and naviculate). Lower glume two-keeled (the keels not winged, but excurrent as teeth or mucros); convex on the back to flattened on the back; not pitted; relatively smooth; 3–13 nerved (with several between the keels). Upper glume 1–3 nerved. Spikelets with incomplete florets. The incomplete florets proximal to the female-fertile florets. Spikelets with proximal incomplete florets. The proximal incomplete florets 1; epaleate; sterile. The proximal lemmas awnless; 2 nerved; similar in texture to the female-fertile lemmas (hyaline, often purple); not becoming indurated.
Female-fertile florets 1. Lemmas often stipitiform; less firm than the glumes (hyaline); not becoming indurated; usually incised (rarely merely prolonged into the awn, without teeth); when incised, 2 lobed; deeply cleft (often deeply bifid), or not deeply cleft; awned. Awns 1; median; from a sinus, or apical; geniculate; hairless (glabrous); about as long as the body of the lemma, or much longer than the body of the lemma (usually short). Lemmas hairless; 1–3 nerved. Palea present, or absent (usually); when present, very reduced (to a minute, hyaline scale); not indurated (hyaline); nerveless. Lodicules present (tiny); 2; fleshy; ciliate, or glabrous. Stamens 2–3. Anthers not penicillate. Ovary glabrous. Styles free to their bases. Stigmas 2.
Fruit, embryo and seedling. Fruit free from both lemma and palea; compressed dorsiventrally (or subterete). Hilum short. Embryo large. Endosperm hard; without lipid. Embryo without an epiblast; with a scutellar tail; with an elongated mesocotyl internode. Embryonic leaf margins overlapping.
Abaxial leaf blade epidermis. Costal/intercostal zonation conspicuous. Papillae absent. Long-cells of similar wall thickness costally and intercostally (quite thin walled). Mid-intercostal long-cells rectangular; having markedly sinuous walls. Microhairs present; panicoid-type; (36–)42–50(–60) microns long; 6–8.4 microns wide at the septum. Microhair total length/width at septum 5.2–7. Microhair apical cells (18–)19–26(–30) microns long. Microhair apical cell/total length ratio 0.46–0.52. Stomata common; (25–)27–29(–30) microns long. Subsidiaries low to high dome-shaped to triangular. Guard-cells overlapping to flush with the interstomatals. Intercostal short-cells absent or very rare. Costal short-cells conspicuously in long rows. Costal silica bodies ‘panicoid-type’; dumb-bell shaped (mostly, long to short), or nodular (some); not sharp-pointed.
Transverse section of leaf blade, physiology. C4; biochemical type NADP–ME (1 species); XyMS–. PCR sheath outlines uneven. PCR cell chloroplasts centrifugal/peripheral. Mesophyll with radiate chlorenchyma, or with non-radiate chlorenchyma. Leaf blade adaxially flat. Midrib conspicuous; having a conventional arc of bundles; with colourless mesophyll adaxially, or without colourless mesophyll adaxially. Bulliforms not present in discrete, regular adaxial groups (the adaxial epidermis of some species with scattered bulliform cells, S. fragile having the adaxial epidermis largely bulliform and a large fan of bulliforms over the midrib). Many of the smallest vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma. Combined sclerenchyma girders present; forming ‘figures’ (some of the primary laterals with ‘anchors’ or I’s). Sclerenchyma all associated with vascular bundles.
Culm anatomy. Culm internode bundles in three or more rings.
Phytochemistry. Leaves without flavonoid sulphates (3 species).
Cytology. Chromosome base number, x = 5 and 10. 2n = 20, 30, 40, and 50.
Taxonomy. Panicoideae; Andropogonodae; Andropogoneae; Andropogoninae.
Distribution, ecology, phytogeography. About 60 species; tropical. Helophytic, or mesophytic, or xerophytic; species of open habitats; halophytic (rarely), or glycophytic. Savanna, rarely sandy beaches or dunes.
Holarctic, Paleotropical, Neotropical, Australian, and Antarctic. Boreal, Tethyan, and Madrean. African, Madagascan, Indomalesian, and Neocaledonian. Eastern Asian and Atlantic North American. Irano-Turanian. Saharo-Sindian, Sudano-Angolan, West African Rainforest, and Namib-Karoo. Indian, Indo-Chinese, Malesian, and Papuan. Caribbean, Amazon, Central Brazilian, Pampas, and Andean. North and East Australian. Patagonian. Southern Atlantic North American and Central Grasslands. Sahelo-Sudanian, Somalo-Ethiopian, South Tropical African, and Kalaharian. Tropical North and East Australian.
Rusts and smuts. Rusts — Puccinia. Taxonomically wide-ranging species: ‘Uromyces’ clignyi. Smuts from Ustilaginaceae. Ustilaginaceae — Sorosporium and Sphacelotheca.
Economic importance. Significant weed species: S. condensatum, S. scoparium. Important native pasture species: S. brevifolium, S. sanguineum.
References, etc. Leaf anatomical: Metcalfe 1960; this project.
Illustrations. • General morphology. • General aspect. • Abaxial epidermis of leaf blade
Cite this publication as: Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M. J. (1992 onwards). ‘Grass Genera of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval; including Synonyms, Morphology, Anatomy, Physiology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Classification, Pathogens, World and Local Distribution, and References.’ http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/. Version: 18th August 1999. Dallwitz (1980), Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993 onwards, 1998), and Watson and Dallwitz (1994), and Watson, Dallwitz, and Johnston (1986) should also be cited (see References).
